Fight the Embers Not Just the Fuel
By Kay Stewart
Wednesday, Oct. 31, 2007|Is living in San Diego no more than high-stakes gambling against wildfires? Some people are becoming fatalistic after the second huge fire in five years with tragic losses. But many experts are sure we could change the odds, if we are committed to reduce risks. That is not just one source of risk, but all the risks.
The public is highly aware, because of governmental and media emphasis, that reducing fuel in open spaces is needed. But people need to understand that wildland plant management is not the only, nor even the most effective, solution to wildfire risk. For instance, U.C. Berkeley fire lab expert Steven Quarles, who spoke in San Diego in 2004, stated that 60 to 70 percent of wildfire risk in California's existing neighborhoods at the WUI is found in existing homes' vulnerability to direct flame, embers lodging or entering, or to hot air/wind damage resulting in ember penetration. Experts in Australia and elsewhere confirm Quarles' statement.
Yet, in response to the terrible 2003 fires, most jurisdictions focused their policy changes on further reducing fuel in wild, open spaces -- plus higher standards for new construction and landscaping. Very few standards were placed on existing developed homes or yards, where great danger exists.
We are sure that in low-wind weather, with a small local fire, a wide space between a structure and wildlands with very little to burn will reduce flame size, and firefighters can take a stand to defend the home. But in a high wind, when fire fronts quickly become miles long, and embers fly far ahead, reducing fuel to make a defensible zone will not guarantee a house is safe, because the firefighters may not be at one particular house when miles of homes are endangered.
Do we need more firefighters, fire trucks and helicopters? According to experts like former fire Chief Jeff Bowman, absolutely. But will this improvement help everyone with miles of fire fronts and the winds blasting? If a home is not "pre-defended" against searing winds and embers, it will be at high risk without professional firefighters, and can be lost even if firefighters are there.
At the end of the dry season every year, the Santa Ana winds are unleashed. We know the result of that blend. Hundreds of miles of canyons carve up San Diego County. Building is very expensive or impossible on these steep slopes. Without plants, these hillsides erode in our fierce, infrequent rains and damage property downstream while undercutting properties at the upper edge. Whatever is growing on those canyons -- and something will grow -- some or most of it is "fuel" by the end of the dry season. When the winds are huge, the wildfires are huge.
Fire experts insist that reducing the danger significantly means altering existing structures and fuel in yards -- and in the nearby adjacent wild landscape. By emphasizing fuel reduction in nearby open spaces, our governments have implied that this one source of risk is the highest priority, and so people have, in ignorance, failed to minimize danger in existing structures and yards.
All these risks need to be reduced or the odds are high of a structure burning, but how can people afford to change their existing homes and yards? There are so many components. The costs stack up very fast. Windows, roofs, doors, skylights, vents, decks, awnings, siding, balconies, trellises and fences, major trees and other garden plants, all might be the sources of risk. A homeowner might spend $20,000 to $50,000 to fix them. With around 10,000 homes on the city of San Diego WUI, and at least another 40,000 more in other areas, this would mean $1 billion to $2.5 billion would have to be allotted to where we would be likely to survive wildfires.
If this seems impossible, compare it to the estimated losses from this past week's fires: over $2 billion and growing. Worst is the tragic harm to all the people whose lives have been turned upside down. Then consider that without taking action to pre-defend homes, these enormous costs are likely to be revisited on our region. Who would have thought only four years would pass since the last fire devastation? The staggering cost of each cycle of fire-storms makes the price of pre-defending homes start to seem reasonable.
How to pay for all of this is a daunting question. Our society places great individual responsibility on each of us. We always hope that everyone independently does their best on civic issues. Some suggest that these structures and yard conditions will need repair and can be upgraded as the owner does that work. That means many risky conditions remain in place for many years. Also, monitoring repairs to assure compliance would be hard, and many homes would not do the work as needed. But with fire risk, any vulnerable home and yard can also harm other nearby homes.
Because fire risk makes us interdependent, fixing existing homes and yards calls for more proactive public involvement. Are there leaders who could help our region develop a plan of action and locate funding sources? These might be very low interest loans, outright grants, public works projects, tax relief and insurance premium reduction -- anything that will change the status quo and help people afford to retrofit existing homes and yards at the WUI in the near future.
Would San Diegans make this a high priority for public policy and funding? San Diegans showed we can provide care for a few days. Can we also come together and support ways to finance changing the odds of future disasters? If we can, then our future will look much safer, even when the Santa Anas blow.
Kay Stewart is a landscape architect based in Little Italy. Submit a letter to the editor here.
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Comments so far on this story: 1. Doug wrote on October 31, 2007 7:06 AM: "The fires will come, regardless. Fuel is not the major factor. Remote location and lack of resources to deal with them in these locations is the central problem. We have technology today to spot the fires and quell them much, much earlier than we do today. Doing so is the key to reducing their damage. The most effective effort government could perform is to spend resources to spot fires quicker and put them out quicker. Using the Predator aircraft, for an excellent example, to fly into the smoke, see the exact location of the flames, and drop their loads more precisely would go a long way toward reducing all of the damage caused by these fires." 2. San Marcos says, wrote on October 31, 2007 7:15 AM: "It certainly would be wise to inventory our existing homes and reduce fire danger. But what happens if next time it is an earthquake ? We really do need a large Corps of Volunteers in San Diego County. We need them to be trained in all types of disaster preparedness, not just fire. We also need to force our city and county officials to forbid new construction in extreme fire-hazard areas, especialy those that have no way of adequate ingress and egress. The city and county officials get re-elected by the monies from the builders that ignore safe practices. We need to NOT allow it. We also need to have every homeowner obtain and have training in the use of fire retardant gel - it saved homes. So did garden hoses and shovels. We need to step up to the plate." 3. Steve wrote on October 31, 2007 9:27 AM: "Very self serving. Only Kay can prevent forrest fires!" 4. janet wrote on October 31, 2007 12:32 PM: "What part was self-serving? Most people I know have a false belief that brush needs cleared on public lands and they don't need to do anything personally. In the past 4 years, we've done a huge amount of work to make our house safer, at great expense. I'd like to have a rough idea of what I should do next, based on information from this and previous fires. My neighbors around me had MANY fire hazards, and the fire chief told me that no violations would be enforced unless someone complained--the only code enforced without complaint regards brush. Supposedly, clearance around roads is enforced for all vegetation, but this hasn't happened in our neighborhood." 5. Steve wrote on October 31, 2007 3:26 PM: "Can you read Janet? A landscape architect calling for public funds and mandates to fireproof existing yards. She says firefighters, helicopters and additional trucks won't help. Give me a break!! I'm all for one taking precautions around our homes...just not at my expense. I'll pay to fireproof my home and you can pay to do yours or let it burn." 6. Janet wrote on October 31, 2007 4:29 PM: ""Can you read?" does seem like a very personal attack. Perhaps you should reread the article and my comments. I asked how this was self-serving because I don't see how Kay would benefit if houses were retrofitted. She didn't say that more fire fighters and equipment won't help. She said they are not the only answer. I haven't asked taxpayers to pay to fireproof my house--it has all come out of my pocket. I only want more information to prioritize what I do next. Now is the time to come up with ideas. Next, we need to determine what will be most effective. Personal attacks aren't helpful." 7. Kay Stewart wrote on October 31, 2007 6:44 PM: "Steve, How would you help people protect themselves, and help us all reduce the backlog of fire risk? A lot of the work to be done to reduce yard risks is maintenance, and homeowners and gardeners will do that. Substituting trees that cost too much to care for for smaller trees will give business to nurseries. Reducing risk of burning your house from fences near the house, or modifying decks will support builders. Trimming or removing trees will help tree services. I don't see work here for landscape architects, but I would like to persuade people to make the right choices when they hire me for design, as they do already. Mandates for safe materials and patterns of design would help me serve them better." 8. Steve wrote on November 1, 2007 5:41 PM: "Kay, my point exactly!" 9. Jim Henson wrote on November 1, 2007 8:16 PM: "The tag line "Fight the Embers" is the most important statement I have heard in the post fire debate. The call for more Air Power must also include adopting the proven tactic of Direct Attack to PUT OUT THE FLAMES so they can't produce any more blowing embers. Lets explore how they fought these wind driven fires from Fixed Wing. They used Phos-Chek retardant to "conatin" the fire which is standard tactatic's. The embers are blowing up to a mile away than why try to contain the fire PUT IT OUT!!!. CALFIRE is using Direct Attack with Gel in northern california very effectively. The Martin Mars Flying Boat is doing Direct Attack with Gel. But the Feds Aircraft and Incident Commanders still just paint circles around the windy fires. The Fire Services need to be more progresssive and embrace NEW products and tactics." 10. Jim Henson wrote on November 1, 2007 8:16 PM: "The tag line "Fight the Embers" is the most important statement I have heard in the post fire debate. The call for more Air Power must also include adopting the proven tactic of Direct Attack to PUT OUT THE FLAMES so they can't produce any more blowing embers. Lets explore how they fought these wind driven fires from Fixed Wing. They used Phos-Chek retardant to "conatin" the fire which is standard tactatic's. The embers are blowing up to a mile away than why try to contain the fire PUT IT OUT!!!. CALFIRE is using Direct Attack with Gel in northern california very effectively. The Martin Mars Flying Boat is doing Direct Attack with Gel. But the Feds Aircraft and Incident Commanders still just paint circles around the windy fires. The Fire Services need to be more progresssive and embrace NEW products and tactics." 11. Jim Henson wrote on November 1, 2007 8:16 PM: "The tag line "Fight the Embers" is the most important statement I have heard in the post fire debate. The call for more Air Power must also include adopting the proven tactic of Direct Attack to PUT OUT THE FLAMES so they can't produce any more blowing embers. Lets explore how they fought these wind driven fires from Fixed Wing. They used Phos-Chek retardant to "conatin" the fire which is standard tactatic's. The embers are blowing up to a mile away than why try to contain the fire PUT IT OUT!!!. CALFIRE is using Direct Attack with Gel in northern california very effectively. The Martin Mars Flying Boat is doing Direct Attack with Gel. But the Feds Aircraft and Incident Commanders still just paint circles around the windy fires. The Fire Services need to be more progresssive and embrace NEW products and tactics." 12. Jim Henson wrote on November 1, 2007 8:16 PM: "The tag line "Fight the Embers" is the most important statement I have heard in the post fire debate. The call for more Air Power must also include adopting the proven tactic of Direct Attack to PUT OUT THE FLAMES so they can't produce any more blowing embers. Lets explore how they fought these wind driven fires from Fixed Wing. They used Phos-Chek retardant to "conatin" the fire which is standard tactatic's. The embers are blowing up to a mile away than why try to contain the fire PUT IT OUT!!!. CALFIRE is using Direct Attack with Gel in northern california very effectively. The Martin Mars Flying Boat is doing Direct Attack with Gel. But the Feds Aircraft and Incident Commanders still just paint circles around the windy fires. The Fire Services need to be more progresssive and embrace NEW products and tactics."
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